Who Came Up With Pemdas

The Curious History of PEMDAS/BODMAS: Unraveling the Order of Operations

The seemingly simple acronym PEMDAS (or BODMAS in some regions) – Parentheses/Brackets, Exponents/Orders, Multiplication and Division (from left to right), Addition and Subtraction (from left to right) – governs the order in which we perform arithmetic operations. But who came up with this crucial mathematical convention that underpins countless calculations worldwide? The answer isn't a single eureka moment attributed to one person, but rather a gradual evolution spanning centuries, involving numerous mathematicians and educators contributing to its refinement and standardization. This article delves into the fascinating history of PEMDAS/BODMAS, exploring its development and the key players who shaped our understanding of operator precedence.

The Early Days: A Foundation of Ambiguity

Before the widespread adoption of PEMDAS/BODMAS, mathematical notation was far less standardized. Early mathematicians often relied on lengthy written explanations to clarify the order of operations in complex calculations. This naturally led to potential ambiguity and inconsistencies, especially as mathematical expressions became more intricate. Consider the limitations of early mathematical notations, where the absence of clear conventions regarding the order of operations created room for multiple interpretations of the same mathematical expression.

For example, consider a simple expression like 2 + 3 x 4. Without a pre-defined order, one could arrive at 20 (performing addition first) or 14 (performing multiplication first). This fundamental problem underscored the need for a standardized approach.

The gradual shift towards symbolic notation in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly with the emergence of algebra, highlighted the escalating need for a clear, universally understood system. While individuals may have employed implicit order-of-operations rules in their own work, a codified system remained elusive. This ambiguity wasn’t a mere inconvenience; it had the potential to lead to significant errors, especially in complex scientific and engineering calculations.

The Rise of Notation and Implicit Conventions

The development of symbolic algebra, largely attributed to mathematicians like François Viète and René Descartes, played a pivotal role. These advancements facilitated more concise expression of mathematical ideas, but the question of operation order still lacked explicit consensus. Instead, implicit conventions began to emerge through common practice within the mathematical community.

Mathematicians, through their writings and published works, started consistently using certain orderings of operations. While not explicitly stated as a rule, the consistent use of these conventions by influential mathematicians inadvertently started building a foundation for what would eventually become PEMDAS/BODMAS. This wasn't a coordinated effort; rather, it was a silent, organic evolution driven by the practical needs of the mathematical community.

The 19th Century: A Step Towards Standardization

The 19th century saw a significant push towards the formalization of mathematical notation and conventions. As mathematics became increasingly sophisticated and its applications broadened, the need for clear and unambiguous rules regarding operator precedence became undeniably critical.

Several influential mathematicians and educators contributed to this process, though pinpointing a single "inventor" remains impossible. Their work, often implicit in their textbooks and mathematical treatises, subtly reinforced the precedence that would form the basis of PEMDAS/BODMAS. Their contributions were incremental, building upon the implicit understanding of the mathematical community.

This period saw the increasing use of parentheses (or brackets) to explicitly indicate the order of operations, further reducing ambiguity. However, even with parentheses, a widely accepted rule for operations outside of parentheses remained a work in progress.

The 20th Century: PEMDAS/BODMAS Takes Shape

The 20th century marks the period where PEMDAS/BODMAS solidified into its recognizable form. The standardization effort was primarily driven by the need for consistency in education and the growing importance of mathematics in various fields. Textbooks and educational materials began explicitly stating the order of operations, often using mnemonics like PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction) or BODMAS (Brackets, Orders, Division and Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction) to help students memorize the order.

Although we cannot credit any single individual with the invention of PEMDAS/BODMAS, the widespread adoption of these acronyms in educational materials cemented the convention’s place in mathematics. This standardization wasn’t a sudden decree; it was a gradual process that incorporated years of implicit convention and the collective wisdom of the mathematical community. The use of mnemonics simplified the complex order, ensuring its effective transmission to students.

It is important to note that the exact phrasing and minor variations in the acronyms (PEMDAS versus BODMAS) reflect regional differences in terminology and emphasis. The underlying mathematical principle, however, remains consistent across the globe.

Why PEMDAS/BODMAS Matters

The consistent application of PEMDAS/BODMAS is crucial for several reasons:

• Unanimity of Results: It ensures that everyone arrives at the same answer for a given mathematical expression, regardless of their location or background. This eliminates the ambiguity and inconsistency that plagued earlier mathematical practice.
• Complex Calculations: It allows for the handling of extremely complex mathematical expressions, breaking them down into manageable steps. Without a standardized order, these expressions would be almost impossible to evaluate.
• Foundation for Advanced Mathematics: It forms the groundwork for more advanced mathematical concepts and fields, ensuring consistency and reliability in higher-level calculations.
• Applications in Various Fields: PEMDAS/BODMAS isn't just confined to classrooms; it is fundamental to various fields, including computer science, engineering, physics, and finance, where accurate calculations are essential.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Why is multiplication and division done before addition and subtraction?

A: This order reflects the inherent mathematical relationships between these operations. Multiplication and division are essentially repeated additions and subtractions. Considering them before addition and subtraction ensures consistency and avoids discrepancies in results.

Q: What if I encounter an expression with multiple multiplications or divisions in a row?

A: In such cases, perform these operations from left to right. The same applies to addition and subtraction.

Q: Is PEMDAS/BODMAS universally accepted?

A: Yes, PEMDAS/BODMAS, or equivalent conventions, is fundamentally accepted globally within the mathematical community. Minor variations in terminology (like using "orders" instead of "exponents") exist, but the underlying order of operations remains consistent.

Q: Are there exceptions to PEMDAS/BODMAS?

A: While PEMDAS/BODMAS serves as the standard, parentheses or brackets can override this order. Anything enclosed within parentheses is evaluated first, regardless of its operator.

Conclusion: A Collective Effort

In conclusion, while we can't definitively attribute the invention of PEMDAS/BODMAS to a single individual, its emergence represents a collective mathematical achievement. It's the culmination of centuries of evolving mathematical notation and the efforts of numerous mathematicians and educators who gradually standardized the order of operations, paving the way for the unambiguous and universally understood system we use today. Its importance extends far beyond the classroom, underscoring its crucial role in the precise and reliable execution of calculations across countless disciplines. Understanding the history of PEMDAS/BODMAS not only illuminates the evolution of mathematical notation but also highlights the collaborative nature of mathematical progress.